“No podemos normalizar que un entrenador te diga ‘si yo tuviera 16 años…”

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La Asociación de Futbolistas Españoles organizó este martes una jornada para debatir sobre la necesidad de implementar medidas para prevenir el acoso en el mundo del deporte. Bajo el título ‘La Savaguarda en el deporte: el acoso’, distintos expertos en la materia expusieron sus puntos de vista y opinaron sobre cómo está establecido el acoso en el deporte y en la sociedad y cómo se puede avanzar para detenerlo.

Comenzó tomando la palabra David Aganzo, que dio la bienvenida reclamando acción. “Hay mucha gente que habla, habla y sigue hablando pero lo importante es hacer. Entiendo la política deportiva pero no la comparto, me gustan más los hechos”, dijo el presidente de AFE. A continuación, Cristina Hernández, directora del Instituto de las Mujeres, abrió la jornada. Hernández se apoyó en el beso de Rubiales a Jenni Hermoso para su argumentario: “Después de esos hechos, las deportistas alzaron la voz, las mujeres españoles dijimos que se acabó y el movimiento feminista respaldó un hito histórico. Para las mujeres contar lo que nos pasa es la única estrategia que tenemos para cambiar el mundo. Hablar de salvaguarda en el deporte es hablar de proteger lo más esencial. Es nuestra responsabilidad crear entornos seguros y respetuosos con las mujeres. Fomentar una cultura de denuncia, apoyo y seguridad. Son necesarios protocolos eficaces, canales seguros de denuncia y redes de apoyo las deportistas”, apuntó.

Los protocolos de la FIFA

Por su parte, Marie-Laure Lemineur, responsable de salvaguarda y protección de la niñez de la FIFA, detalló los protocolos que aplica la máxima organización del fútbol mundial para atender los casos de acoso y abuso y las lecciones que han aprendido. Lemineur habló sobre la resistencia al cambio en algunos sectores del deporte y de la importancia de la confianza, de tener líderes en los que confiar a la hora de denunciar los casos de violencia.

Marie-Laure Lemineur y David Aganzo

Marie-Laure Lemineur y David AganzoAFE

Lemineur explicó que crear una cultura de protección en el deporte es algo lento. No es un esprint, sino un maratón. “Crear una cultura de protección significa dejar de mirar a otro lado cuando un entrenador hace algo inadecuado, crear una cultura de protección significa escuchar al jugador cuando dice que algo está pasando en el vestuario. Crear una cultura de protección significa dejar de considerar normal cuando se lastima a los deportistas con la creencia de que eso les va a hacer más fuertes. Crear una cultura de protección significa que se puede sancionar a alguien que ha hecho algo criticable independientemente de su rol y su poder. Poco debería importar el poder de esa persona y su rol, si ha actuado mal, ha actuado mal, sea el presidente, el entrenador, el fisio o quien sea. Una cultura de protección significa tolerancia cero. Pero crear esa mentalidad lleva tiempo”.

Para la responsable de salvaguarda y protección de la niñez de la FIFA, en esta lucha es más importante el liderazgo que el dinero, sin querer restar importancia a lo segundo. También habló sobre la necesidad de empoderar a los jugadores como agentes del cambio, y puso algunos casos reales. “Tenemos ejemplos de jóvenes que van a un país a jugar una competición y van a un hotel a pedir un masaje de cierto tipo o que tienen comportamientos con mujeres que limpian las habitaciones, las reciben con poca ropa encima y se sienten amenazadas… No digo que sean muy habituales pero ha pasado. Son jóvenes que están empezando a viajar. No necesariamente la reacción es que hay que sancionar y vamos a la Policía, cuando se tiene que hacer se hace, sino que una conversación diciéndoles que esos comportamientos no se permiten y que si se repite habrá una sanción, a menudo funciona. A veces son motivos culturales. A veces sí hemos tenido que tomar medidas drásticas, ustedes no lo han entendido, fuera del país”.

Más que una “incomodidad” o “piel fina”

La jornada se completó con dos mesas redondas, la primera de ellas formada por Marisa Soleto, directora de la Fundación Mujeres, Aauri Bokesa, asesora de presidencia del Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), y Marta Eulalia Blanco, doctora en sociología, y moderada por María José López, directora Político-Institucional-Jurídico de AFE.

María José López, Marisa Sotelo, David Aganzo, Aauri Bokesa, Marta Eulalia Blanco y Diego Rivas.

María José López, Marisa Sotelo, David Aganzo, Aauri Bokesa, Marta Eulalia Blanco y Diego Rivas.AFE

Bokesa, exatleta y exjugadora de baloncesto, relató algunas situaciones que ha vivido como deportista en primera persona o “en entornos cercanos”. “Hay que hablar de este tema para que nos demos cuenta de qué cosas no pueden pasar. Cuando eres joven te vas encontrando con situaciones que romantizamos, que normalizamos. Se me venían ayer diferentes situaciones a la cabeza vividas en primera persona o en entornos cercanos. Por ejemplo, que un entrenador te diga “si yo tuviera 16 años no te me escapabas”, o que te pusieran un cono en la cabeza y te hicieran dar vueltas a la pista con él por haber fallado, o entrenadores que salen de fiesta con menores de edad. Un entrenador no puede grabar a sus jugadoras menores de edad en bikini, aunque no se haya hecho con maldad. Usted no tiene que tener ese tipo de imágenes en su teléfono personal y menos difundirlas sin permiso. Es importante que visibilicemos y hablemos, porque es difícil hablar de las cosas más feas que has vivido. Si no hablas de ellas no vas a poder combatirlas”, explicó Bokesa, que lleva “poco más de un mes” en su nuevo cargo.

Marisa Soleto habló sobre la necesidad de erradicar el pensamiento de que las mujeres tienen “la piel fina” y no poner el foco sobre ellas, sino sobre el acosador. “Primero, no estamos hablando solo de conductas molestas, o una incomodidad a la que la mujer tenga que sobreponerse. El tema de la piel muy fina, ‘hay que ver cómo se ha puesto por (pongan ustedes lo que quieran). ‘Cómo se pone por un piquito’, por una insinuación, por una broma. Estamos hablando de algo más que una incomodidad o una molestia. No hablamos solo sobre conductas de un reproche penal, que no haya reproche penal no quiere decir que no haya que actuar contra ellas. Acoso es cualquier cosa que produzca ese ambiente degradatorio. Es un catálogo de comportamientos muy alto. Es machismo es funcionamiento, es machismo práctico. Esas ideas de que las mujeres no tienen que estar en determinado tipo de sitios, o hacer determiando tipo de cosas o que no pueden comportarse como mujeres en determinado tipo de espacio”, detalló.

Soleto también se refirió a algunos comentarios de deportistas deportivos, como cuando se señaló que es imposible que una mujer llegara a la portería. Y terminó con un “viva el fútbol, la repercusión internacional puede llevar a cambios”.

Marta Eulalia Blanco, por su parte, destacó la necesidad de crear protocolos de actuación y tener datos cuantitativos y, más importante, “cualitativos”. “Si no tenemos un protocolo los datos no son reales, pero si no tenemos datos, nos van a decir que los protocolos no son necesarios”. Sobre los protocolos de los clubes también habló Aauri Bokesa: “Hay que llegar a los clubes más pequeños también, que entiendan que tienen que tener estos protocolos. Que las entidades que no dispongan de este tipo de protocolos no puedan ser beneficarias de las subvenciones del CSD”.

El tratamiento del acoso en los medios

La última mesa contó con cuatro periodistas para debatir sobre el tratamiento informativo de casos de abuso y acoso en los medios comunicación. Natalia Torrente, directora de comunicación de AFE, moderó una mesa que contó con Carolina Pecharromán (TVE), Violeta Molina (EFE) e Isabel Valdés (El País).

Hablaron sobre la necesidad de que los profesionales que traten la materia tengan formación y que hay que proteger a la víctima de manera especial, tanto a la hora de ofrecer su versión como de ofrecer imágenes. “En la violencia sexual nunca vas a encontrar pruebas. Nosotros partimos de la base de que vamos a creer a esa mujer que nos ha llamado”, señaló Isabel Valdés.

Violeta Molina alertó sobre lo que se escucha en algunos campos de fútbol. “¿Qué pasa para que en un estadio salga un jugador investigado por acoso sexual y el estadio se caiga de la ovación? ¿Por qué en el instituto se utiliza maricón como insulto?”. Mientras que Carolina Pecharromán puso sobre la mesa otros argumentos que se utilizan para poner en duda el relato de la víctima: “Se llegan a poner en duda los hechos porque él es guapo o él es rico. ¡Cómo vamos a creernos que este señor que es guapo o rico vaya a violar a esta mujer cuando las puede tener a todas! ¿Qué me estás diciendo, que los violadores son feos? Como medios tenemos que tener cuidado en no replicar esto o distanciarnos”.

El cierre, de Carmen Calvo

Por último, cerró la jornada Carmen Calvo, presidenta del Consejo de Estado, que aseguró que “en el deporte hay muchas dificultades de igualdad”.

Diego Rivas, Maria José López, Carmen Calvo y David Aganzo.

Diego Rivas, Maria José López, Carmen Calvo y David Aganzo.AFE

“El feminismo es la democracia del siglo XXI. No ha hecho más que empezar el desmontaje de estructuras culturales profundamente arraigadas en la historia de una humanidad, en la que una mitad ha considerado que sus privilegios eran derechos. Cuando todo eso debe ser reformulado aparecen los problemas”, opinó.

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